Quantum Origami: Transversal Gates for Quantum Computation and Measurement of Topological Order

In topology, a torus remains invariant under certain nontrivial transformations known as modular transformations. In the context of topologically ordered quantum states of matter supported on a torus geometry in real space, these transformations encode the braiding statistics and fusion rules of emergent anyonic excitations and thus serve as a diagnostic of topological order.